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Jewish Polish & Hebrew Document / Letter from The orphanage in Brisk 1921 Passport photo attached to the letterLanguage: Polish & stamp in Hebrew Year :1921The Jewish community in Brisk, LithuaniaThere was a large community in the city of Brest in Belarus which numbered about 440,000 Jews and was almost half of the city’s population on the eve of the outbreak of World War II. The city of Brest (formerly called Brest Litovsk; Belarusian: Брэст, sometimes also Бе́расьце or Бярэ́сьце; Russian: Брест; Yiddish: Brisk and formerly Brisk Dalita; Polish: Brześć and formerly Brzeus Lithuanian: Brzeumć; Poland. The Brisk Jewish community began to develop from the 13th century and was a spiritual-Torah Jewish center for all Lithuanian Jews until the 17th century. After World War I many Jews were expelled from the city and during World War II most of the community perished in the Holocaust.History of the communityThe city of Brest has been a center for Lithuanian Jewry since the 13th century. In 1495 a decree was issued on the Jews of Lithuania according to which they had to choose between deportation and extermination, the Jews chose deportation except for one man from the Jupowicz family who chose extermination. After eight years the decree was revoked and the Jews returned to the city and re-established the community until the first half of the 17th century. The establishment of the Jewish community in Brest was especially strengthened in 1569, after the unification of Poland-Lithuania.Riots against Jews began as early as the 17th century and culminated in the riots of Khmelnytsky in the years 1649-1648, between the years 1649-1648, with the murder of thousands of Jews from the community in Brest and throughout Lithuania. The Jewish community was also affected by wars against Russia, Sweden and Turkey. Although in these cases the government allowed Jews to be released for four years from military service and from paying taxes.In 1669, the Jewish community in the city numbered 525 Jews aged 11 and over, and in those days King Michal Vishnyovytsky re-authorized to treat the taxes between Jews and non-Jews equally. In addition, the task was assigned to assist in the process of suppressing incitement against the Jews by the city authorities and its citizens.Within a century, the community grew to 3,353 Jews and they engaged in various jobs such as cloth trade, fur trade, various handicrafts (shoemakers, tailors), leasing estates, collecting taxes from the government and more. The members of the community in Brisk also took part in the « Committee of the Four Lands » which operated from 1580 to 1764 and they were also the founders of the « Committee of Lithuanian Jews » in 1623. Over the years and especially in the 17th century many blood libels were carried out against the Jews. Of the most significant was a large fire in Brisk in 1637 in which many Jews were injured by the Christians.In terms of religious character, the Brisk community belonged to the « opposition » stream, it has acted extensively against the Hassidic movement from its inception and has even conducted many heated debates with the Hasidim.In 1793, after the partition of Poland, the area was annexed to the rule of the Russian Empire and as a result trade was damaged and many parts of the Jewish Quarter, including the Old Synagogue and the cemetery, were destroyed for the construction of the fortress. This was a direct blow to the Jewish community both economically and religiously, but after the opening of the canal between the Dnieper-Bog rivers, the situation improved and the Jews regained control of industry and commerce in the city. In 1845 the city continued to develop and established three factories, a new synagogue (inaugurated in 1861), a hospital and a widow’s residence.In the 1990s, the city of Brisk had about 46,560 inhabitants, of whom about 30,600 were Jews. The city council had only three representatives compared to 20 non-Jewish representatives, even though they were the absolute majority of the city’s population. In 1905, Jews participated in the coup attempt of the Socialists and Liberals and worked to overthrow the Russian Tsar, Nicholas II. The attempt did not succeed and after the revolution there were those who were wounded and those who were killed in the pogromsThe community during the First World WarOn August 1, 1915, after the outbreak of World War I, many Jews were expelled from Brisk territory on the orders of the Russian government. About three weeks later many of them returned to the city, with the entry of the Austro-German soldiers, and were deported again by them. Of the 30,600 Jews living in the city at the time, 21,440 remained. In March 1918 a peace treaty was signed between the Soviet Union and Germany and the city of Brest was under Polish rule. The number of residents in the city after the war was almost half of the total population before the war, but the community recovered over time. Most of its inhabitants made a living from handicrafts, shoemakers and tailors, some engaged in petty trade and some in wholesale trade, industry, transportation services, public jobs and the liberal professions. They were assisted by trade unions that even operated health funds for their members. In 1931 the number of Jews in the Brisk community was about 21,440.Institutions and movements in the communityBanks, a health insurance fund, welfare institutions, an orphanage and a home for the elderly operated in the community. Vocational schools. The community had a lot of cultural activity including libraries, a drama class and sports clubs. Yiddish periodicals and diaries were also published during this period. There was also extensive political activity in the community, which was developed by Zionist parties and youth movements, including the Bund, the Ahdut party, Agudat Israel, the Betar movement, and socio-economic parties. In addition, women’s organizations such as WIZO and El Al also operated.Feel free to contact for any question and many more items.[286]

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